Certes, elles le sont toujours mais l'évolution actuelle de la perception de la place du juge nous permet de limiter notre étude juridique à l'article 4 du Code civil. Title 1.8 - PERSONAL DATA. Dans les coulisses du Code Civil ! Un juge est associé à l'esprit de législation : mais il ne saurait partager le pouvoir législatif ». The Portuguese Civil Code of 1868 was introduced in the Portuguese overseas territories of Asia (Portuguese India, Macau and Portuguese Timor) from 1870, with local modifications being latter introduced. Alors que dès l'adoption de cette disposition en 1804, il apparaît logique que le juge soit soumis à son obligation de statuer I., son devoir d'interprétation de la loi, a vu sa portée se modifier au fil du temps II. Il est inspiré par la crainte de voir les juges, suivant l'exemple des Parlements de l'Ancien régime, s'immiscer dans la fonction législative. Indéniablement, en apparence, l'article 4 du Code civil semble être totalement contraignant pour le juge en l'obligeant en toutes circonstances à statuer, sous peine d'une sanction qui lui serait appliquée. In 1916 Brazil enacted its civil code (project of Clovis Bevilacqua, after rejecting the project by Teixeira de Freitas that was translated by the Argentines to prepare their project), that entered into effect in 1917 (in 2002, the Brazilian Civil Code was replaced by a new text). The reason behind that is that the Brazilian Code of 1916 was the last of the important codes from the era of codifications in the world that had strong liberal influences, and all other codes enacted thereafter were deeply influenced by the social ideals that emerged after World War I and the Soviet Socialist Revolution. Civ. DECIDEURSTV Recommended for you. Those two codes had been most advanced in their systematic structure and classification from fundamental and general principles to specific areas of law (e.g. The Dominican Republic, in 1845, put into force the original Napoleonic code, in French language (a translation in Spanish was published in 1884). La capacité à mobiliser ses connaissances et la capacité à raisonner juridiquement seront évaluées dans l'exercice du cas pratique. Bien que ce lien direct ait été principalement opéré par la doctrine et non constitutionnalisé, la décision du 9 avril 1996 du conseil constitutionnel posant l'exigence d'un droit au recours juridictionnel afin d'assurer l'effectivité des droits fondamentaux, renforce l'obligation du juge de statuer Le juge, créateur de droit Par la prohibition qu'il formule, l'article 4 du Code civil pose l'obligation fondamentale pour le juge de trancher le litige en toutes circonstances. Code civil > Paragraphe 2 : Des donations-partages faites à des descendants de degrés différents. A l'exception de l'article Ier organisant la publicité des lois, modifié afin de prendre en compte l'évolution technologique, le temps ne semble pas avoir de prise sur les cinq articles suivants, dont la rédaction reste celle de 1804. The idea of codification re-emerged during the Age of Enlightenment, when it was believed that all spheres of life could be dealt with in a conclusive system based on human rationality, following from the experience of the early codifications of Roman Law during the Roman Empire. Article 14(2)concerning the duty to inform a manager in case of violation of the law; Article 16(3)2 concerning absence from a post and termination of employment. The Mexican state of Oaxaca promulgated the first Latin American civil code in 1827, copying the French civil code. [...], [...] Une jurisprudence n'a de sens que si la majeure partie des tribunaux et des Cours la suivent. § 4-107. separate office of bank. [...]. Les deux prescriptions ont été conçues, dans l'esprit de leur auteur, comme indissociables. L'utilisation du mot prétexte revêt alors une importance déterminante. § 4-109. delays. Paraguay adopted its code in 1987, and in 1877 Guatemala adopted the Peruvian code of 1852. Besides being in force in Portugal, it is also in force in, An incredibly casuistic, and thus unsuccessful, code of 11000 sections, Reproduction of the Spanish Civil Code, with the inclusion of some articles from the Louisiana Civil Code. The Corpus Juris Civilis, a codification of Roman law produced between 529 and 534 AD by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, forms the basis of civil law legal systems. Later on, in 1830, the civil code of Bolivia, a summarized copy of the French one, was promulgated by Andrés de Santa Cruz. Since 2002 with the First law of the Civil Code of Catalonia, Parliament of Catalonia's several laws have approved the successive books of the Civil Code of Catalonia. Article 4 - A law shall be effective only as from the date of its coming into force, and shall not be retrospective unless special provisions to this effect have been laid down in its text . In 1825, Haiti promulgated a Code Civil, that was simply a copy of the Napoleonic one; while Louisiana abolished its Digeste, replacing it with the Code Civil de l'État de la Louisiane the same year. Corpus ID: 141378824. Consultez plus de 41183 documents en illimité sans engagement de durée. Cependant, sous cette contrainte, apparaît la portée positive de l'article 4 du Code civil. Tel n'est pourtant pas le cas. The Napoleonic Code (French: Code Napoléon, lit. Scholars of comparative law and economists promoting the legal origins theory of (financial) development usually subdivide the countries of the civil law tradition as belonging either to the French, Scandinavian or German group (the latter including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Japan, Taiwan and South Korea). Cour de cassation, 3e chambre civile, 6 décembre 2018 - Les conditions de la... Commentaire : arrêt de la Chambre mixte du 26 mai 2006 - possibilité de... Méthodologie du cas pratique suivie d'un cas corrigé. Commandez votre devoir, sur mesure ! Article 8 - Access to Records and Administrative Remedies. La méthode exégétique étant devenue incapable de combler le silence ou l'insuffisance des textes vieillissants, R.Salleilles a proposé un système d'interprétation déformante : au-delà du Code civil, mais par le Code civil Selon l'auteur, alors même qu'une situation n'aurait pas été envisagée par les textes en vigueur, la solution ne doit être apportée que par eux, ce qui conduit éventuellement à les déformer complètement. Compre o livro Code Matrimonial, Ou Recueil Complet De Toutes Les Loix Canoniques & Civiles De France, Des Dispositions Des Conciles, Des Capitulaires, Ordonnances, Edits & Declarations na Amazon.com.br: confira as ofertas para livros em inglês e importados Article 5 - All inhabitants of Iran, whether of Iranian or of foreign nationality, shall he - Duration: 18:48. 4, Inciso II, do Código Civil. GENERAL PROVISIONS [3274 - 9566] ... An erroneous statement of the date of completion does not affect the effectiveness of the notice if the true date of completion is 15 days or less before the date of recordation of the notice. The Civil Code comprises a body of rules which, in all matters within the letter, spirit or object of its provisions, lays down the jus commune, expressly or by implication.In these matters, the Code is the foundation of all other laws, although other laws may complement the Code or make exceptions to it. • Second Book (official consolidated text in catalan and text in English), [...], [...] C'est justement l'article 4 du Code civil qui présente ce droit. Commentaire de l'article 4 du Code civil: le déni de justice @inproceedings{Honorine2012CommentaireDL, title={Commentaire de l'article 4 du Code civil: le d{\'e}ni de justice}, author={S Honorine}, year={2012} } Cuba had the old Civil Code of Spain until the year 1987 when the National Assembly of People's Power approved the Cuban Civil Code, Law 59. It was passed on May 28 and came into force on January 1, 2021. 7 1 An offeror is not bound by his offer if he has made express declara- tion to that effect or such a reservation arises from the circumstances or from the particular nature of the transaction. … Semantic Scholar extracted view of "La modification de l'article 515-4 du Code civil va-t-elle dan..." by Heavey Alice • Replaced an earlier code from 1964 For example, the California Civil Code largely codifies common law doctrine and is very different in form and content from all other civil codes. The latest, with some changes, was adopted by Costa Rica in 1841. Article 8(4)1 is repealed and the following subsections renumbered accordingly. Pour en savoir plus, consultez notre Politique de confidentialité. A cet égard, le titre préliminaire ne pouvait manquer de contenir des dispositions s'adressant à l'autorité en charge de la mise en œuvre de la loi, le juge. Division 3 - OBLIGATIONS. • Fifth Book (official consolidated text in Catalan and text in English) • PART III Rights In Rem: November 30, 1929, European codes and influences on other continents, Eugenia Dacoronia, "The Evolution of the Greek Civil Law", in, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay, Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preussischen Staaten, "Quand la Suisse inspire la modernisation du droit chinois", "Dret civil català. Code § 1798.40. Chile promulgated its civil code in 1855, an original work in confront with the French code both for the scheme and for the contents (similar to the Castillan law in force in that territory) that was written by Andrés Bello (begun in 1833). Certes le contentieux reste peu abondant, mais par les interrogations qu'elle soulève au regard de l'évolution des sources du droit, sa pertinence ne fait aucun doute. france.code-civil Project overview Project overview Details; Activity; Releases; Repository Repository Files Commits Branches Tags Contributors Graph Compare Issues 0 Issues 0 List Boards Labels Service Desk Milestones Merge Requests 0 Merge Requests 0 CI / CD CI / CD Pipelines Jobs Schedules Operations Operations Watch Queue Queue. Section 377.35 - Effective date of article. " La Relativité des conventions : étude de l'article 1165 du Code civil. During the sittings of the Conseil d'Etat, with Napoleon in the chair (or Cambacérès when the FIrst Consul was absent), which began on 17 July, 1801, the discussions between the partisans of the two legal styles, common and written, were 'free and frank'. The statutory basis for the management of the Civil Service is set out in Part 1 of the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010. contract law, labour law, inheritance law). A jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure. Departament de Justícia", "A Description of the Structure of the Hellenic Republic, the Greek Legal System, and Legal Research", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_code&oldid=1007883346, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles needing additional references from May 2020, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2020, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles needing additional references from August 2013, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, * Replaced the previous Spanish Civil Code, • Replaced most of the Compilation of the Civil Law of Catalonia, several special laws and two partial codes, Replaced the Louisiana Civil Code Digest of 1808, Replaced the 1838 Civil Code in its entirety; came into force in 1992, replacing the Napoleonic-based code with a German-influenced code, Replacing the Civil Code of Spain which had been in force from 1889 to 1949, Replaced in Portugal itself by the 1966 Civil Code. Cour de cassation, première chambre civile, 19 décembre 2012 - Fiche d'arrêt... Commentaire d'arrêt cass. One of the first countries to follow up through legal transplants in codification was Serbia, the Serbian Civil Code (1844). This has replaced most of the Compilation of the Civil Law of Catalonia, several special laws and two partial codes. The particular tradition of the civil code originally enacted in a country is often thought to have a lasting influence on the methodology employed in legal interpretation. Il faut bien comprendre que la prohibition des arrêts de règlement n'a qu'un effet limité : le juge peut tout à fait énoncer un principe général dont sa décision va être déduite (c'est même une obligation si la loi est muette) ; lui-même ou un autre, confronté à un cas identique, a tout autant le droit de répéter mot pour mot, le même principe et de l'appliquer à la nouvelle espèce. La Convention Européenne de Sauvegarde des Droits de l' Homme et des Libertés fondamentales dans les conclusions des commissaires du gouvernement du Conseil d' Etat. It continued to be in effect in the former Portuguese India even after the end of the Portuguese rule in 1961. In Europe, apart from the common law countries of the United Kingdom and Ireland, only Scandinavia remained untouched by the codification movement. Title 31 of the, In force in Quebec until being replaced by the Civil Code of Quebec in 1994. [...], [...] D'après Montesquieu, dans l'Esprit des Lois, Les juges de la nation ne sont que la bouche qui prononce la parole de la loi ».Le juge, étranger à l'élaboration de la loi, lui doit obéissance. Cal. The first statute that used this denomination was the Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis of 1756 in Bavaria, still using the Latin language. Cour de cassation, 3e chambre civile, 21 mars 2007, No 06-11843 - Les baux à... Exemple de cas pratique corrigé en droit civil - Le divorce, Commentaire d'arrêt exemple - L'arrêt Take Eat Easy (Cour de cassation, Chambre sociale, 28 novembre 2018, n 17-20079), Exemples de sujets et de problématiques pour un mémoire en droit des sociétés, Exemple de cas pratique corrigé - Introduction au droit, Exemples de sujets de dissertation en droit administratif des biens, L'obligation pour le juge de statuer en toutes circonstances, L'obligation d'interprétation de la loi par le juge, Le devoir d'interprétation de la loi par le juge, source de droit. BGB. Nicaragua in 1904 replaced its civil code of 1867 by adopting the Argentine code. However, it is still in force in the territories of the former, Replaced the Civil Code of 1868 in Portugal and its overseas territories. Consultez plus de 41183 documents en illimité sans engagement de durée. On this habilitation familiale see arts 494-4 et seq of the Civil Code as inserted by Ordonnance n° 2015-1288 of 15 October 2015 concerning the simplification and modernisation of family law. Vous ne trouvez pas ce que vous cherchez ? • Fourth Book (official consolidated text in Catalan and text in English), The legislation of the Civil Code of China was started in 1954, after the first Constitution was adopted. The older civil codes such as the French, Egyptian, Austrian and Spanish ones are structured under the Institutional System of the Roman jurist Gaius and generally have three large parts: The newer codes such as the ones of Germany, Switzerland, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Catalonia are structured according to the Pandectist System: The civil code of the state of Louisiana, following the institutions system, is divided into five parts: Pandectism also had an influence on the earlier codes and their interpretation. Section 1798.40. Uruguay promulgated its code in 1868, and Argentina in 1869 (work by Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield). . Where on the month of the expiration date there should be no date equivalent to the initial date of the period, the period shall be deemed to expire on the last day of the month. [...] La déduction permet ensuite, en redescendant, de dégager de nouvelles conséquences. Macau adopted its own Civil Code in 1999, although this being based in the Portuguese Code of 1966.[2]. It has been accepted for inclusion in Louisiana Law Review by an authorized editor of LSU Law Digital Commons. Caractéristiques de l'œuvre de compromis réalisée par les rédacteurs du code civil, les articles 4 et 5 semblent revenir à une conception plus favorable au juge. Le juge aurait, immédiatement comme deuxième obligation implicite, celle d'interpréter la loi lorsqu'elle le nécessite et ce qui est tout d'abord une obligation, va devenir un pouvoir pour le juge, son support normatif. § 4-108. time of receipt of items. Differ with comprehensive rewrite including earlier rules, in a rational structure rather than a religious content. This made laws clearer and more accessible and superseded the conflict between royal and judges legislative power. The first civil code promulgated in Canada was that of New Brunswick of 1804, inspired by the 1800 project of the French civil code, known as the Projet de l'an VIII (project of the 8th year); nevertheless, in 1808 a Digeste de la loi civile was sanctioned. En vertu du second, « il est défendu aux juges de se prononcer par voie de disposition générale et réglementaire sur les causes qui lui sont soumises ». • Third Book (official consolidated text in Catalan), CALIFORNIA CIVIL CODE. 5 of the Act of 1 October 2013 (Federal Law Gazette I page 3719)This statute serves to transpose into national law the following directives: § 4-111. statute of limitations. The late 19th century and the beginning 20th century saw the emergence of the School of Pandectism, whose work peaked in the German Civil Code (BGB), which was enacted in 1900 in the course of Germany's national unification project, and in the Swiss Civil Code (Zivilgesetzbuch) of 1907. Calculation of periods according to civil law shall not exclude non-business days. Watch Queue Queue § 4-110. electronic presentment. Les deux méthodes sont donc le plus souvent combinées : ainsi le droit de la vente impose au vendeur de renseigner l'acheteur, une obligation générale d'information a été induite de cette règle particulière ; la possibilité d'imposer cette obligation à d'autres contractants a été aussi induite. DIVISION 4. (Articles 1078-4 à 1078-10) > Article 1078-4 [...], [...] Par la prohibition qu'il formule, l'article 4 du Code civil pose une donc une première obligation pour le juge : il doit trancher le litige. " " La Relativité des conventions, étude de l'article 1165 du Code civil " " La relativité des conventions : étude de l'article 1165 du Code Civil " " La relativité des conventions : etude de l' article 1165 du Code Civil " As a civil servant, you are appointed on merit on the basis of fair and open competition an… Many legal systems of other countries in Asia are within the civil law tradition and have enacted a civil code, mostly derived from the German civil code; that is the case of China, Japan, Korea, Thailand (the Civil and Commercial Code), Taiwan and Indonesia (which is influenced by the Dutch Civil Code, Burgerlijke Wetboek). In 1852, Peru promulgated its own civil code (based on a project of 1847), which was not a simple copy or imitation of the French one, but presented a more original text based on the Castillan law (of Roman origin) that was previously in force on the Peruvian territory. Civil Code - CIV. Le statut juridique de l'embryon - publié le 18/02/2021, Deux fiches d'arrêt en droit civil sur la solidarité. Vous pourrez également modifier vos préférences à tout moment en cliquant sur le lien "Paramètres des cookies" en bas de page de ce site. Definições, Notícias, Artigos, Legislação, Jurisprudência e muito mais sobre Art. It supports the government of the day in developing and implementing its policies, and in delivering public services. The final Austrian Civil Code (called Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, ABGB) was only completed in 1811 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire under the influence of the Napoleonic Wars. Bonjour, n° 2016-131, art. In the United States, codification appears to be widespread at a first glance, but U.S. legal codes are actually collections of common law rules and a variety of ad hoc statutes; that is, they do not aspire to complete logical coherence. The following is the list of national or regional civil codes by alphabetic order of names of countries or regions: • See: First Book (official consolidated text in Catalan and text in English), 2. Many translated example sentences containing "en application de article 1244-1 du Code civil" – English-French dictionary and search engine for English translations. As Macau and Portuguese Timor were still under Portuguese rule when the Portuguese Civil Code of 1868 was replaced by that of 1966, this later was adopted by these territories. Brazilian Civil Code of 1916 was considered, by many, as the last code of the 19th century despite being adopted in the 20th century. German Civil Code. It was replaced in 1991 by a new Civil Code of Quebec, which came into effect in 1994. Indéniablement, en apparence, l'article 4 du Code civil semble être totalement contraignant pour le juge en l'obligeant en toutes circonstances à statuer, sous peine d'une sanction qui lui serait appliquée. Contraint de statuer même lorsque la loi est imparfaite, le législateur refuse qu'il puisse prétendre à créer des règles de droit. Tout en admettant son importance, ils s'efforcent de prévenir les dérives de la fin de l'Ancien régime. Chapter 1 - INFORMATION PRACTICES ACT OF 1977. On or after January 1, 1993, this article applies to the commencement of an action or proceeding the decedent was entitled to commence, and to the continuation of an action or proceeding commenced by the decedent, regardless of whether the decedent died before, on, or after January 1, 1993. Le Code civil des Français, appelé usuellement « Code civil » (souvent abrégé en \"C.civ.\", « C. Civ. 1.4 Le Comité note que l'article 776 du Code civil du Kirghizistan (comme indiqué [...] à la page 4 du deuxième rapport) n'autorise pas les organes compétents du … Despite the delay of the 2020 National People's Congress due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Congressmen gathered in Beijing on May 22 to discuss and vote for the Civil Code. Other codified laws used since ancient times include various texts used in religious laws, such as the Law of Manu in Hindu law, the Mishnah in Jewish Halakha law, the Canons of the Apostles in Christian Canon law, and the Qur'an and Sunnah in Islamic Sharia law to some extent. » ou « CC »), « Code Napoléon » ou encore « Code napoléonien », regroupe les lois relatives au droit civil français, cest-à-dire l'ensemble des règles qui déterminent le statut des personnes (livre Ier), celui des biens (livre II) et celui des relations entre les personnes privées (livres III et IV). Part 4 - OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM PARTICULAR TRANSACTIONS. The French code was the most influential one because it was introduced in many countries standing under French occupation during the Napoleonic Wars. "Code Napoleon"), officially the Civil Code of the French (French: Code civil des Français; simply referred to as Code civil) is the French civil code established under the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force, although frequently amended.. While the French Civil Code was structured in a "casuistic" approach attempting to regulate every possible case, the German BGB and the later Swiss ZGB applied a more abstract and systematic approach. « Le juge qui refusera de juger, sous prétexte du silence, de l'obscurité ou de l'insuffisance de la loi, pourra être poursuivi comme coupable de déni de justice ». Inspired by Justinian's sixth-century codification of Roman law. Article 4 Création Loi 1803-03-05 promulguée le 15 mars 1803 Le juge qui refusera de juger, sous prétexte du silence, de l'obscurité ou de l'insuffisance de la … In 1865, the Code Civil du Bas-Canada (or Civil Code of Lower Canada) was promulgated in Lower Canada (later the Canadian province of Quebec). Panama in 1916 decided to adopt the Argentine code, replacing its code of 1903. Model pleadings and other documents established by the Minister of Justice pursuant to articles 136, 146, 235, 271, 393, 546 and 681 of the Code of Civil Procedure C-25.01, r. 3 : Regulation respecting the taking of witnesses’ depositions in civil matters C-25.01, r. 4 : Rules of Practice of the Superior Court of Québec in Civil Matters Un juge ne peut donc être négligent lors du traitement dâ un litige. Nos formules d'abonnement. In 1865, the Code Civil du Bas-Canada (or Civil Code of Lower Canada) was promulgated in Lower Canada (later the Canadian province of Quebec). De prime d'abord, le juge semble prisonnier de deux impératifs contradictoires. It might also had influenced other countries. Les articles 4 et 5 du code civil édictent ainsi à son encontre deux prohibitions. However, legislation was stopped and resumed for several times, while China adopted several civil laws instead. Civil servants are accountable to ministers2, who in turn are accountable to Parliament3. III - aqueles que, por causa transitória ou permanente, não puderem exprimir sua vontade; (Redação dada pela Lei nº 13.146, de 2015) (Vigência) Article 9(2) is also repealed. C'est ce que confirme l'article 12 du nouveau code de procédure civile en vertu duquel Le juge tranche le litige conformément aux règles de droit qui lui sont applicables L'article 4 découle de la suprématie de la loi. In some jurisdictions with a civil code, a number of the core areas of private law that would otherwise typically be codified in a civil code may instead be codified in a commercial code. years shall be calculated from date to date. Le Code civil français constitue le statut des personnes de nationalité française, de leurs familles et de leurs relations (except… “ Merci de m'avoir aidé à trouver les directives pour mon entreprise d'outils de bien-être ! This code prohibits judges from deciding a case by way of introducing a general rule — an exercise of legislative — thus, there is no rule of stare decisis (binding precedent) in French law, but some jurisprudence constante, to interpret the law. “ Merci au service commercial de m'avoir aiguillé dans mes recherches, “ Des exemples concrets pour les contrats de travail, “ De bons outils pour appréhender les problématiques en création d'entreprise, En cliquant sur OK, vous acceptez que Doc-du-juriste.com utilise des cookies ou une technologie équivalente pour stocker et/ou accéder à des informations sur votre appareil. Dans son sens premier, ce terme renvoie à une raison alléguée pour dissimuler le véritable motif d'une action. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804. A civil code is a codification of private law relating to property, family, and obligations. The Civil Service is an integral and key part of the government of the United Kingdom1. • English translation by Ministry of Justice of Czech Republic available ([2]). 13 We have translated ‘opposabilité’ and its cognate terms by ‘set up against’. It was followed in 1792 by a legal compilation that included civil, penal, and constitutional law, the Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preussischen Staaten (General National Law for the Prussian States) promulgated by King Frederick II the Great. [Préface de Gabriel Marty.] Uruguay promulgated its code in 1868, and Argentina in 1869 (work by Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield). For example, Austrian civil law is typically taught according to the Pandect System (which was devised by German scholars in the time between the enactment of the Austrian and the German Codes), even though this is not consistent with the structure of the Code. C'est bien là le premier apport de l'article 4 du Code civil. This code was integrally adopted by Ecuador in 1858; El Salvador in 1859; Venezuela in 1862 (only during that year); Nicaragua in 1867; Honduras in 1880 (until 1899, and again since 1906); Colombia in 1887; and Panama (after its separation from Colombia in 1903). Adds a new article 7(4) concerning the recruitment of civil servants. com. Therefore, the BGB had a great deal of influence on later codification projects in countries as diverse as Japan, Greece, Turkey, Portugal (1966 Civil Code) and Macau (1999 Civil Code). In East Timor (ex-Portuguese Timor), the Portuguese Code was replaced by the Indonesian Code when Indonesia occupied that territory in 1975. Federal Act on the Amendment of the Swiss Civil Code 3 220 Art. Portalis dans son discours préliminaire, reconnaît qu' « il faut que le juge (…) ait le droit d'interpréter les lois et d'y suppléer (...) mais en laissant à l'exercice du ministère du juge toute la latitude convenable, nous lui rappelons les bornes qui dérivent de la nature même de son pouvoir.